Ikoranabuhanga rya charger

Ikoreshwa rya tekinoroji ya EV mu Bushinwa no muri Amerika birasa cyane.Mu bihugu byombi, imigozi n'amacomeka ni tekinoroji yiganje cyane mu kwishyuza ibinyabiziga by'amashanyarazi..Ibi bisa nibitandukaniro byaganiriweho hepfo.

A. Inzego zo Kwishyuza

Muri Reta zunzubumwe za Amerika, ibintu byinshi byo kwishyuza EV bibera kuri volt 120 ukoresheje inkuta zinzu zidahinduwe.Mubisanzwe bizwi nkurwego rwa 1 cyangwa "trickle" kwishyuza.Hamwe no kwishyuza Urwego 1, bateri isanzwe ya 30 kWh ifata amasaha agera kuri 12 kugirango uve kuri 20% ujye hafi yuzuye.(Nta Bushinwa bugera kuri 120 mu Bushinwa.)

Mu Bushinwa ndetse no muri Amerika, amashanyarazi menshi ya EV abera kuri volt 220 (Ubushinwa) cyangwa 240 volt (Amerika).Muri Amerika, ibi bizwi nkurwego rwa 2 kwishyuza.

Amashanyarazi nk'aya arashobora gukorwa hamwe n’ibicuruzwa bidahinduwe cyangwa ibikoresho byihariye byo kwishyuza bya EV kandi mubisanzwe bikoresha ingufu za kilo 6-7.Iyo wishyuye kuri volt 220-240, ubusanzwe bateri 30 kWh itwara amasaha agera kuri 6 kugirango uve kuri 20% ujye hafi yuzuye.

Hanyuma, Ubushinwa na Reta zunzubumwe zamerika bifite imiyoboro ikura ya charger yihuta ya DC, mubisanzwe ikoresha 24 kWt, 50 kW, 100 kW cyangwa 120 kWt.Sitasiyo zimwe zishobora gutanga 350 kWt cyangwa 400 kWt.Amashanyarazi yihuta ya DC arashobora gufata bateri yimodoka kuva kuri 20% kugeza hafi yuzuye mugihe kiri hagati yisaha imwe niminota 10.

Imbonerahamwe 6:Inzego zisanzwe zishyurwa muri Amerika

Inkomoko: Minisiteri ishinzwe ingufu muri Amerika

B. Ibipimo byo Kwishyuza

i.Ubushinwa

Ubushinwa bufite igihugu kimwe cya EV cyihuta cyo kwishyuza.Amerika ifite ibipimo bitatu byihuta byo kwishyuza.

Igipimo cy'Ubushinwa kizwi ku izina rya China GB / T.(IntangiriroGBihagarare ku rwego rw'igihugu.)

Ubushinwa GB / T bwarekuwe muri 2015 nyuma yimyaka myinshi yiterambere.124 Ubu ni itegeko kubinyabiziga byose byamashanyarazi bigurishwa mubushinwa.Abakora amamodoka mpuzamahanga, barimo Tesla, Nissan na BMW, bemeje GB / T kuri EV zabo zigurishwa mu Bushinwa.Kugeza ubu GB / T yemerera kwishyurwa byihuse kuri 237.5 kW yasohotse (kuri 950 V na 250 amps), nubwo ari menshi

Amashanyarazi yihuta ya DC yo mu Bushinwa atanga 50 kW.GB / T nshya izasohoka muri 2019 cyangwa 2020, bivugwa ko izazamura igipimo cyo gushyiramo amashanyarazi agera kuri 900 kW ku binyabiziga binini by’ubucuruzi.GB / T ni Ubushinwa gusa: EV nke zakozwe n'Ubushinwa zoherezwa mu mahanga zikoresha andi mahame.125

Muri Kanama 2018, akanama gashinzwe amashanyarazi mu Bushinwa (CEC) katangaje amasezerano y’ubwumvikane n’umuyoboro wa CHAdeMO ufite icyicaro mu Buyapani, kugira ngo bafatanyirize hamwe kwishyuza amashanyarazi yihuse.Intego ni uguhuza hagati ya GB / T na CHAdeMO kugirango yishyure byihuse.Iyo miryango yombi izafatanya kwagura ibipimo mu bihugu birenze Ubushinwa n'Ubuyapani.126

ii.Leta zunz'ubumwe

Muri Reta zunzubumwe za Amerika, hariho uburyo butatu bwo kwishyuza EV bwo kwishyuza DC byihuse: CHAdeMO, CCS SAE Combo na Tesla.

CHAdeMO niyo yambere ya EV yishyurwa byihuse, guhera mu 2011. Yakozwe na Tokiyo

Isosiyete ikora amashanyarazi kandi isobanura “Charge to Move” (igihano mu kiyapani) .127 CHAdeMO kuri ubu ikoreshwa muri Amerika muri Nissan Leaf na Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV, ziri mu binyabiziga bigurishwa cyane.Intsinzi y'Ibabi muri Amerika irashoboraIMODOKA Y’AMASHANYARAZI YISHYURA MU BUSHINWA NA LETA ZUNZE UBUMWE

ENERGYPOLICY.COLUMBIA.EDU |GASHYANTARE 2019 |

bitewe nuko Nissan yiyemeje hakiri kare gutangiza ibikorwa remezo byishyurwa byihuse bya CHAdeMO kubacuruzi ndetse n’ahandi mu mijyi.128 Kuva muri Mutarama 2019, muri Amerika hari amashanyarazi arenga 2.900 muri CHAdeMO (ndetse n’abasaga 7.400 mu Buyapani na 7.900 i Burayi) .129

Muri 2016, CHAdeMO yatangaje ko izazamura igipimo cyayo uhereye ku gipimo cyambere cyo kwishyuza 70

kWt gutanga 150 kW.130 Muri kamena 2018 CHAdeMO yatangaje ko hashyizweho ubushobozi bwo kwishyuza 400 kWt, ukoresheje insinga 1.000 V, 400 amp zikonjesha amazi.Amashanyarazi menshi azaboneka kugirango ahuze ibikenerwa n’imodoka nini zubucuruzi nkamakamyo na bisi.131

Igipimo cya kabiri cyo kwishyuza muri Amerika kizwi nka CCS cyangwa SAE Combo.Yasohowe mu 2011 nitsinda ryabakora amamodoka yuburayi na Amerika.Ijambocomboyerekana ko icyuma kirimo amashanyarazi ya AC (kugeza kuri 43 kW) hamwe no kwishyuza DC.132 Muri

Ubudage, ihuriro ry’ishyirahamwe ryitwa Charging Interface Initiative (CharIN) ryashinzwe kugira ngo riharanira ko CCS yakirwa hose.Bitandukanye na CHAdeMO, icyuma cya CCS gifasha DC na AC kwishyuza hamwe nicyambu kimwe, kugabanya umwanya no gufungura bisabwa kumubiri wikinyabiziga.Jaguar,

Volkswagen, Moteri rusange, BMW, Daimler, Ford, FCA na Hyundai bashyigikira CCS.Tesla yinjiye kandi muri iryo shyirahamwe maze mu Gushyingo 2018 atangaza ko imodoka zayo mu Burayi zizaza zifite ibyuma byishyuza CCS.133 Chevrolet Bolt na BMW i3 biri muri za EV zizwi cyane muri Amerika zikoresha amashanyarazi ya CCS.Mugihe amashanyarazi yihuta ya CCS atanga amashanyarazi hafi 50 kWt, gahunda ya Electrify America ikubiyemo kwishyurwa byihuse bya kilowati 350, ishobora gutuma hafi yishyurwa muminota mike 10.

Igipimo cya gatatu cyo kwishyuza muri Amerika gikoreshwa na Tesla, cyatangije umuyoboro wacyo bwite wa Supercharger muri Amerika muri Nzeri 2012.134 Tesla

Amashanyarazi asanzwe akora kuri volt 480 kandi agatanga umuriro ntarengwa wa kilo 120.Nk

yo muri Mutarama 2019, urubuga rwa Tesla rwashyize ahagaragara 595 za Supercharger muri Amerika, hamwe n’ahandi 420 “haza vuba.” 135 Muri Gicurasi 2018, Tesla yavuze ko mu gihe kiri imbere Superchargers zayo zishobora kugera ku rwego rw’amashanyarazi kugera kuri 350 kW.136

Mu bushakashatsi bwacu kuri iyi raporo, twabajije abajijwe muri Amerika niba batekereza ko kutagira igipimo kimwe cy’igihugu cyo kwishyuza DC byihuse ari inzitizi yo kwakirwa na EV.Bake basubije mubishimangira.Impamvu zituma DC nyinshi zishyurwa byihuse zidafatwa nkikibazo zirimo:

● Amashanyarazi menshi ya EV abera murugo no kukazi, hamwe na charger ya 1 na 2.

● Byinshi mubikorwa rusange no mukazi byishyuza ibikorwa remezo kugeza ubu byakoresheje charger yo murwego rwa 2.

Adapters zirahari zemerera ba nyiri EV gukoresha amashanyarazi yihuta ya DC, kabone niyo EV na charger bakoresha ibipimo bitandukanye byo kwishyuza..

● Kubera ko icyuma na umuhuza byerekana ijanisha rito ryikiguzi cya sitasiyo yihuta, ibi biragaragaza ikibazo cya tekiniki cyangwa imari kubatunze sitasiyo kandi byagereranywa na hose ya lisansi zitandukanye za octane kuri sitasiyo.Sitasiyo nyinshi zo kwishyiriraho rusange zifite amacomeka menshi yometse kumurongo umwe wo kwishyuza, yemerera ubwoko ubwo aribwo bwose bwa EV kwishyuza.Mubyukuri, inkiko nyinshi zisaba cyangwa zishishikarizwa ibi.IMODOKA Y’AMASHANYARAZI YISHYURA MU BUSHINWA NA LETA ZUNZE UBUMWE

38 |IKIGO KURI POLITIKI Y’IBIKORWA BY'ISI |COLUMBIA SIPA

Bamwe mu bakora imodoka bavuze ko umuyoboro wihariye wo kwishyuza ugaragaza ingamba zo guhatanira.Claas Bracklo, ukuriye amashanyarazi muri BMW akaba n’umuyobozi wa CharIN, mu mwaka wa 2018, yagize ati: "Twashinze CharIN kugira ngo twubake umwanya w’ubutegetsi." ubushake bwo kwemerera izindi modoka zimodoka gukoresha umuyoboro wazo mugihe batanze inkunga ijyanye nikoreshwa.138 Tesla nayo iri muri CharIN iteza imbere CCS.Ugushyingo 2018, yatangaje ko imodoka Model 3 yagurishijwe mu Burayi izaza ifite ibyambu bya CCS.Ba nyiri Tesla barashobora kandi kugura adapteri kugirango babone amashanyarazi yihuta ya CHAdeMO.139

C

ubushobozi bwo gukwirakwiza imiyoboro, igihe-cyo gukoresha ibiciro hamwe ningamba zo gusubiza) .140 Ubushinwa GB / T na CHAdeMO bakoresha protocole yitumanaho izi nka CAN, mugihe CCS ikorana na protocole ya PLC.Porotokole ifunguye itumanaho, nka Open Charge Point Protocol (OCPP) yateguwe na Open Charging Alliance, iragenda ikundwa cyane muri Amerika n'Uburayi.

Mu bushakashatsi twakoze kuri iyi raporo, abantu benshi babajijwe muri Amerika bavuze ko inzira igana kuri porotokole y'itumanaho ifunguye na porogaramu ari yo politiki y'ibanze.By'umwihariko, imishinga imwe yo kwishyuza rusange yakiriye inkunga mu itegeko ry’Abanyamerika bashinzwe kugarura no gushora imari (ARRA) yavuzweho kuba yarahisemo abacuruzi bafite urubuga rwa nyirarureshwa rwahuye n’ibibazo by’amafaranga, hasigara ibikoresho bimenetse bisaba gusimburwa.141 Imijyi myinshi, ibikorwa rusange, ndetse no kwishyuza imiyoboro yabajijwe kuri ubu bushakashatsi yagaragaje ko ishyigikiye protocole y’itumanaho ifunguye hamwe n’ubushake bwo gutuma imiyoboro yabashitsi yishyuza abayitanga.142

D. Ikiguzi

Amashanyarazi yo murugo ahendutse mubushinwa kuruta muri Amerika.Mu Bushinwa, urukuta rusanzwe rwa 7 kW rwashyizwemo inzu yo kugurisha igurisha kumurongo hagati yamafaranga 1200 na 1.800.143 Kwishyiriraho bisaba amafaranga yinyongera.. bihugu byombi.Ibiciro biratandukanye cyane.Impuguke imwe y’Abashinwa yabajijwe kuri iyi raporo yagereranije ko gushyiraho ibiro 50 bya DC byishyurwa byihuse mu Bushinwa ubusanzwe bitwara amafaranga ari hagati y’amafaranga 45.000 na 60.000, aho iposita yishyuza ubwayo igera ku 25.000 - 35.000 na cabling, ibikorwa remezo byo munsi y'ubutaka no kubara abakozi. kubisigaye.145 Muri Reta zunzubumwe zamerika, kwishyuza DC birashobora gutwara ibihumbi icumi byamadorari kuri posita.Impinduka zingenzi zigira ingaruka kubiciro byo kwishyiriraho ibikoresho byihuta bya DC harimo gukenera umwobo, kuzamura transformateur, imiyoboro mishya cyangwa yazamuye imashanyarazi hamwe nu mashanyarazi hamwe no kuzamura ubwiza.Ibyapa, kwemerera no kugera kubamugaye nibindi bitekerezo.146

E. Kwishyuza Wireless

Wireless charging itanga ibyiza byinshi, harimo ubwiza, kubika umwanya no koroshya imikoreshereze.

Yaboneka mu myaka ya za 90 kuri EV1 (imodoka y'amashanyarazi yo hambere) ariko ni gake muri iki gihe.147 Sisitemu yo kwishyuza ya Wireless EV yatangaga interineti igiciro kuva $ 1,260 kugeza $ 3.000.148 Kwishyuza Wireless EV bitanga igihano cyiza, hamwe na sisitemu zubu zitanga uburyo bwo kwishyuza neza hafi 85% .149 Ibicuruzwa bitishyurwa byubu bitanga amashanyarazi yoherejwe na 3-22 kWt;amashanyarazi adafite amashanyarazi aboneka kuri moderi nyinshi za EV kuva kuri Plugless yishyurwa kuri 3.6 kWt cyangwa 7.2 kWt, bihwanye no kwishyurwa kurwego rwa 2.150 Mugihe abakoresha EV benshi batekereza ko kwishyiriraho insinga bidakwiriye kugiciro cyinyongera, 151 abasesenguzi bamwe bavuga ko ikoranabuhanga rizakwirakwira vuba, n'abakora amamodoka menshi batangaje ko bazatanga amashanyarazi atagikoreshwa nkuburyo bwo guhitamo ejo hazaza.Amashanyarazi adafite insinga arashobora gukurura ibinyabiziga bimwe na bimwe bifite inzira zisobanuwe, nka bisi rusange, kandi byanasabwe ko haza inzira nyabagendwa y’amashanyarazi, nubwo igiciro cyinshi, uburyo buke bwo kwishyuza hamwe n’umuvuduko ukabije wogutwara byaba ari bibi.152

F. Guhinduranya Bateri

Hamwe na tekinoroji yo guhinduranya bateri, ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi birashobora guhana bateri zabuze kubandi zuzuye.Ibi byagabanya cyane igihe gisabwa cyo kwishyuza EV, hamwe nibyiza byingenzi kubashoferi.

Imijyi n’amasosiyete menshi yo mu Bushinwa kuri ubu arimo kugerageza guhinduranya bateri, hibandwa ku modoka zikoreshwa cyane n’imodoka nka tagisi.Umujyi wa Hangzhou wohereje guhinduranya bateri kumodoka ya tagisi, ikoresha Zotye EVs.155 Pekin yubatse sitasiyo nyinshi zo guhinduranya bateri mu rwego rwo gushyigikirwa n’imodoka zaho BAIC.Mu mpera za 2017, BAIC yatangaje gahunda yo kubaka sitasiyo 3.000 mu gihugu hose mu 2021.156 Abashinwa EV batangiye NIO irateganya gukoresha tekinoroji yo guhinduranya bateri kuri zimwe mu modoka zayo maze itangaza ko izubaka sitasiyo 1100 zo guhinduranya mu Bushinwa.157 Imijyi myinshi yo mu Bushinwa - harimo Hangzhou na Qingdao-bakoresheje kandi bateri yo guhinduranya bisi.158

Muri Amerika, ikiganiro cyo guhinduranya batiri cyacogoye nyuma y’ihomba ry’umwaka wa 2013 ry’umushinga wo gutangiza bateri wo muri Isiraheli watangije umushinga Better Place, wari wateguye urusobe rw’ibibuga by’imodoka zitwara abagenzi.153 Mu 2015, Tesla yaretse gahunda yo guhinduranya sitasiyo nyuma yo kubaka imwe gusa. ikigo cyerekana, gushinja kubura inyungu zabaguzi.Hariho bike niba hari ubushakashatsi burimo gukorwa kubijyanye no guhinduranya bateri muri Reta zunzubumwe zamerika muri iki gihe.154 Kugabanuka kw'ibiciro bya batiri, kandi wenda ku rugero ruto rwoherejwe n’ibikorwa remezo byihuta bya DC, birashoboka ko byagabanije gukurura guhinduranya bateri muri Leta zunz'ubumwe.

Mugihe guhinduranya bateri bitanga ibyiza byinshi, bifite ibibi bigaragara.Batiyeri ya EV iraremereye kandi mubisanzwe iri munsi yikinyabiziga, ikora ibice bigize imiterere yubushobozi buke bwo kwihanganira guhuza no guhuza amashanyarazi.Batteri yuyu munsi ikenera gukonjesha, kandi guhuza no guhagarika sisitemu yo gukonjesha biragoye.159 Urebye ubunini bwabyo nuburemere, sisitemu ya batiri igomba guhura neza kugirango wirinde gutontoma, kugabanya kwambara no gukomeza imodoka hagati.Ubwubatsi bwa bateri ya Skateboard isanzwe muri EVS yumunsi itezimbere umutekano mukugabanya ikinyabiziga hagati yuburemere no kunoza impanuka imbere n'inyuma.Bateri zishobora gukurwaho ziri mumurongo cyangwa ahandi zabura iyi nyungu.Kubera ko abafite ibinyabiziga benshi bishyuza cyane murugo cyangwaIMODOKA Y’AMASHANYARAZI YISHYURA MU BUSHINWA NA LETA ZUNZE UBUMWEku kazi, guhinduranya bateri ntabwo byanze bikunze bikemura ibibazo remezo byo kwishyuza - byafasha gusa gukemura kwishyurwa rusange hamwe nurwego.Kandi kubera ko abakora ibinyabiziga benshi badashaka gupima paki ya batiri cyangwa ibishushanyo-imodoka zakozwe hafi ya bateri na moteri zabo, ibi bikaba bifite agaciro kingenzi nyirizina160 - guhinduranya bateri birashobora gusaba umuyoboro wihariye wo guhinduranya kuri buri kigo cyimodoka cyangwa ibikoresho bitandukanye byo guhinduranya kubintu bitandukanye kandi ingano y'ibinyabiziga.Nubwo hashyizweho amakamyo yo guhinduranya bateri igendanwa, 161 ubu buryo bwubucuruzi ntiburashyirwa mubikorwa.